1. why task in communication broken up in layers? Tasks in communication are broken up into layers primarily to manage complexity and standardize interactions. This layered approach is most prominently seen in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP model, which are both used in networking. Here are some key reasons for using layers in communication:
2. Simplification and Modularity: By dividing communication tasks into layers, each layer can be developed, maintained, and understood independently. This modularity makes it easier to design, implement, and troubleshoot complex communication systems.
3. Interoperability: Standardizing functions within each layer ensures that different systems and technologies can work together. For example, as long as two devices follow the same protocols within a layer, they can communicate effectively even if their internal implementations differ.
4. Abstraction: Layers provide abstraction by hiding the complexities of each layer from the others. For instance, the application layer doesn't need to understand the details of how data is transmitted over the physical network.
5. Flexibility and Scalability: Layers allow for flexibility in upgrading or replacing specific components of a communication system without affecting other parts. This is crucial for scalability and adopting new technologies.
6. Troubleshooting and Maintenance: Layering aids in isolating and diagnosing network issues. If a problem occurs, it can often be traced to a specific layer, making it easier to identify and fix.
7. Standardization: By defining functions and protocols at each layer, international standards bodies like ISO, IEEE, and IETF ensure that equipment from different vendors can interoperate, promoting a more open and competitive market. In summary, layering in communication systems provides a structured approach to design, development, and management, facilitating interoperability, maintenance, and evolution of complex networked systems.
   1. Foster Competition
   2. If something changes in one layer that will not affect another layer
   3. Each layer have defined function that they act upon
8. What is layerd model? A layered model in networking refers to the concept of organizing network protocols and functions into different layers, each responsible for specific tasks. The most commonly referenced layered model in networking is the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, which consists of seven layers
9. What is the difference between protocol and standard? protocols are the set of rules that two or multiple device maintain during communication. all communications are governed by protocols. on the other hand, standard is the fixed rules that a device should maintain during the communication with other devices. this rules are by an non profit, non vendor organization which encourages interoperability, competition and innovation.
10. Requirements that a protocol must have?
    1. an identified sender and reciver
    2. common language and grammar
    3. speed and timing of delivery
    4. confirmation that the message is deliverd
11. Common computer protocols must agree in this terms
    1. message encoding
    2. message formatting and encapsulation
    3. message size, timing, delivery option
12. benefits of standard, write about its categories
    1. benefits
       1. it create and maintain an open and competitive market
       2. greater compatibility and interoperabilty
    2. categories
       1. de facto - A de facto standard is a standard that has been widely adopted and used in practice, often without formal ratification by a standards organization or regulatory body. TCP/IP model
       2. de jure - A de jure standard is a standard that has been formally established and ratified by a recognized standards organization or regulatory body. OSI model.
13. open standard encourages → interoperability, competition, innovation
14. what is basic of a open standard organization → vendor-neutral, non-profit, establish and develop open standard.
15. Difference between IRTF and IETF → The IETF is primarily concerned with developing internet standards and protocols, while the IRTF focuses on longer-term research to address future challenges and opportunities in the evolution of the internet.
16. difference between de facto and de jure → written before
17. difference between proprietary and open standards? →
    1. Proprietary Standards: Owned by a single entity, restricted access, often require licensing, controlled development.
    2. Open Standards: Collaboratively developed, freely available, promote interoperability and innovation, transparent process.
18. who makes the protocol to a standard and write the process to make it standard → It maintained by IETF.
    1. First it becomes internet draft.
       1. Potential standard.
       2. No official status
       3. Testing phase
       4. 6 month lifetime
    2. Request for comment (RFC)
       1. Got Recommendation from authority.
       2. Each maturity level indicates the document's role and status in the standardization process. Ex- RFC791
19. "Protocols are not dependent upon any specific technology" explain this statement in terms of networking →protocols are set of rules, that are not dependent on any specific technology for example - every web browser has different features and built with different programming language or for different kind of devices, but when they connect to internet, they all use http. Which is same for everyone. So here technology is different but protocols are not different for them.
20. Difference between TCP/IP model and OSI reference model
    1. TCP/IP model →
       1. Maintained by IETF
       2. De Facto
       3. Has 4/5 layers ( in some representation link layers are broken in 2 layers - data link and physical)
       4. It was designed and implemented to facilitate practical, real-world networking needs.
       5. widely used in real life scenario.
    2. OSI Model
       1. Maintained by ISO
       2. De Jure
       3. Has 7 layers
       4. Each layer in the OSI model has a specific function and interacts directly only with the layers immediately above and below it.
       5. theoretical framework
       6. provides a comprehensive framework understanding

1. what is protocol suits? →In networking, a protocol suite (also known as a protocol stack) is a set of network protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication. Each protocol in the suite has a specific function and operates at a different layer of the network architecture.
2. what does application layer do? →

The Interface Between Human and Data Networks Responsible for providing services to the user.